Disorders of the male genitals or reproductive system are usually diagnosed using different methods. Diagnostic tests involve use of a physical examination, obtaining a thorough personal history, psychological evaluations (as part of tests of male sexual function) and use of other diagnostic procedures.  The two commonly screening tests used as part of physical assessment are; the Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) and Testicular Examination.

 

Digital Rectal Examination

Digital Rectal Examination is recommended as a routine checkup screening test for men aged 50 and above and high risk groups from the age of 40 years and above. It is an important screening examination that is used to detect prostate cancer.  Digital Rectal Examination is usually performed by an examiner to access the size, shape and consistency of the prostate gland or tenderness.

 

Testicular Examination

The Testicular Examination is used to detect any abnormality in the scrotum, penis and testes. The scrotum is palpated for masses, nodules or tendness.  Penis is inspected and palpated for tenderness, checked for discharge and ulcerations. Testicular Examination is an important screening examination that can help in detecting cancer of the testicular early in the course. All male should be taught how to perform the testicular-self examination once they reach the adolescent age.

 

Other Diagnostic Tests

Prostate Fluid or Tissue Analysis

Prostate Specimen or Tissue Analysis is usually performed if an inflammation of the prostate gland is suspected. Prostate gland specimen or tissue is obtained for culture and further analysis. A biopsy of prostate gland may also be performed to obtain tissue for histologic examination.

 

Prostate Specific Antigen Test

Prostate gland produces a kind of protein known as Prostate Specific Antigen. An elevated level of PSA may be due to prostate cancer or other conditions such as; BPH or acute prostatitis. DRE together with PSA are recommended as normal routine tests for men at a high risk.  Prostate Specific Antigen Test is also used as a monitoring test for prostate cancer recurrence.

 

Ultrasonography

Transrectal Ultrasound is usually performed for those men with elevated PSA and after an abnormal DRE screening test. The test is used to detect small nodular masses that are not palpable and to help in staging of prostate cancer.  A needle biospy is usually performed, guided by the Transrectal Ultrasound.